Title:

A REVIEW OF AGRARIAN SYSTEMS AND RURAL ECONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA

Author:

Ankita Kaswan

Abstract:

Agrarian systems constituted the economic foundation of ancient Indian society and played a decisive role in shaping its social, political, and cultural institutions. This review examines the evolution of agrarian systems and the structure of the rural economy in ancient India from the early Vedic period to the Gupta era. It analyzes patterns of land ownership, modes of cultivation, irrigation practices, agrarian technology, taxation systems, and the relationship between the state and rural communities. Drawing upon literary sources such as the Vedas, Dharmashastras, and the Arthashastra, along with archaeological and historical interpretations, the study highlights the dynamic and regionally diverse nature of agrarian organization. The review also explores the role of peasants, labor relations, rural markets, and land grants in sustaining agricultural production and surplus extraction. It argues that agrarian systems in ancient India were not static but evolved in response to technological advancements, state policies, and socio-religious norms. Understanding these agrarian foundations provides critical insights into the long-term development of India’s rural economy and its historical continuity.

Keyword:

Agrarian Systems, Rural Economy, Ancient India, Land Tenure